Imagenología en la patología mamaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia / Imaging of breast pathology during pregnancy and lactation

La patología mamaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia representa un desafío debido a que los cambios fisiológicos del tejido mamario durante este periodo pueden afectar la interpretación de los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia. La mayoría de las patologías mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia son benignas y pueden ser clasificadas en tres categorías: 1) aquellas relacionadas con cambios fisiológicos, 2) enfermedades inflamatorias y 3) tumores benignos. Solo el 3% de los cánceres mamarios se desarrollan durante el embarazo. Los factores de mal pronóstico, como receptores hormonales negativos o HER2/neu positivo, en las mujeres embarazadas tienen una prevalencia similar a la observada en no embarazadas de la misma edad. El diagnóstico precoz es de crucial importancia pronóstica, por lo que es necesario mantener los esquemas de tamizaje recomendados. Es importante estar familiarizado con los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo y la lactancia, y conocer las patologías más prevalentes que afectan a las mujeres durante este periodo.

Breast pathology throughout pregnancy and lactation represents a challenge because the physiological changes of mammary tissue during this period may affect the interpretation of clinical and imaging findings. The objective of this presentation is to review the differential diagnosis of breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Most of breast pathology during pregnancy and lactation is benign and can be further classified into three categories: 1) those related to physiological changes, 2) inflammatory diseases, and 3) benign tumors. Only 3% of breast cancers will develop during pregnancy. Risk factors for worst prognosis, such as negative hormonal receptors or HER2/neu positive, in pregnant women have similar prevalence than in non-pregnant women of the same age. Early diagnose is of the outmost prognostic importance, therefore it`s important to maintain screening schedule as recommended. It is important to be familiarized with the physiological changes of the breast during pregnancy and lactation, and to know the most prevalent diseases affecting women during this period.

Filariasis mamaria: a propósito de un caso / Breast filariasis: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La filariasis con afectación mamaria es una enfermedad endémica de áreas tropicales y subtropicales de África, Asia, el Pacífico y América, que afecta a unos 120 millones de personas. Aunque es una patología rara en España, dado el aumento de pacientes procedentes de dichos países, debemos conocerla para saber diagnosticarla y tratarla adecuadamente. OBJETIVO DE REPORTAR EL CASO: Dar a conocer la filariasis con afectación mamaria, sus manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas principales, a través de un caso clínico de nuestras consultas de ginecología. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Paciente de 43 años, procedente de Guinea Ecuatorial que acude a la consulta de Ginecología por mastalgia bilateral y aumento del volumen de las mamas de semanas de evolución. La exploración es anodina por lo que se solicita mamografía bilateral en la que describen calcificaciones compatibles con filariasis. A pesar de que el resto de pruebas fueron negativas, dada la alta sospecha clínica y radiológica se diagnosticó de filariasis mamaria. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de la actual campaña mundial para eliminar la filariasis, el aumento de migración global incrementa la probabilidad de padecer casos importados de filariasis mamaria. Por tanto, el conocimiento de las diferentes parasitosis es imprescindible para realizar un buen diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades clínicamente similares, e instaurar el tratamiento más adecuado.

INTRODUCTION: Breast filariasis is an endemic disease from tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and America affecting about 120 million people. Although it is a rare pathology in Spain, given the increase in patients from the referred countries, we must be aware of it in order to know how to diagnose and treat it properly. OBJECTIVE OF REPORTING THE CASE: To raise awareness of filariasis with breast involvement and its main clinical and radiological manifestations, through a clinical case of our gynecology consultations. CASE REPORT: 43-year-old patient from Equatorial Guinea who comes to the Gynecology consultation for bilateral mastalgia and breast enlargement of weeks of evolution. The examination is anodyne, so bilateral mammography is requested in wich calcifications compatible with filariasis are described. Despite the rest of the tests are negative, given the high clinical and radiological suspicion, the diagnosis of breast filariasis is made. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the current worldwide campaign to eliminate filariasis, the increase in global migration enhances the probability of suffering from imported cases of breast filariasis Therefore, the knowledge of the different parasitoses is essential to make a correct differential diagnosis with other clinically similar entities, and to establish the most appropriate treatment.

Útilidad de la ecografía intraoperatoria en la exéresis de las lesiones no palpables de la mama: experiencia y revisión de conjunto / Usefulness of intraoperative ultrasound in excision of non-lesions palpable of the breast: experience and overview

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Presentar la experiencia de la unidad de mama de nuestro hospital con la utilización de la ecografía intraoperatoria en el tratamiento de las lesiones no palpables de mama. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se incluyeron aquellas pacientes con lesiones no palpables de mama y ecovisibles. Intraoperatoriamente se localizó la lesión con la ecografía y se procedió a su exéresis, con comprobación ecográfica de su correcta extirpación con márgenes de seguridad. Se realizó estudio macroscópico en fresco de los márgenes marcados con tinta intraoperatoriamente. En caso de que los márgenes no fueran correctos se procedía a una ampliación de márgenes en el mismo acto quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Desde el año 2012 se han intervenido 52 pacientes. En todas las pacientes se localizó la lesión con la ecografía. Se realizó tumorectomía a 24 pacientes y a 28 pacientes se les asoció la biopsia del ganglio centinela. El resultado patológico definitivo fue de 19 lesiones benignas y 33 lesiones malignas. A una paciente se le realizó mastectomía simple por presentar un carcinoma in situ extenso con microinfiltración no diagnosticado con las pruebas radiológicas preoperatorias. El resto de pacientes presentaron márgenes libres de tumor. CONCLUSIONES: La ecografía intraoperatoria es una técnica simple y fácil de desarrollar. Presenta una baja tasa de afectación de márgenes y es enteramente cirujano-controlada. Es confortable para el paciente y conlleva un bajo riesgo de complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE: To present the results of our hospital's experience with the utilization of intraoperative ultrasound in the treatment of non-palpable breast lesions. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We included those patients whose breast lesions were non-palpable yet simultaneously visible on ultrasound. The lesions were located intraoperatively with ultrasound and were removed with ultrasound verification of the proper security margins. An examination of the intraoperative macroscopic margins with ink was done. In cases with incorrect margins, a re-excision was done utilizing the same technique but with amplified margins. RESULTS: Dating from 2012, we have operated on 52 patients. In all cases, the lesions were discovered and localized by means of ultrasound. Lumpectomy was performed on 24 patients and we associated the sentinel node biopsy in 28 cases. Subsequent pathology reports determined that 19 lesions were benign and 33 lesions were malignant. There was one patient with a mastectomy because a long extensive ductal carcinoma in situ with microinfiltration that was not seeing during the preoperative study. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative ultrasound is an easy and simple technique that is entirely surgeon controlled and results in a low rate of positive margins. The procedure is comfortable for the patient and carries with it a low rate of complications.

Role of High Frequency US in Breast Imaging.

High frequency US probe is more informative of both spatial and contrast resolution with increase in the sensitivity of breast examination. A prospective study of 100 patients with symptomatic breast disease and negative X-Ray mammography were undertaken of 72 patients who were below 35 years of age. Ultrasonography was performed using high frequency (10-13MHz) annular phased array transducer. In 28 patients (28%) focal abnormalities were observed. 12 patients had nodular lesions (6 malignant), 14 had cystic lesions and 2 had galactasia. It is suggested that high frequency breast US is a useful tool in examination of symptomatic breasts, particularly in relatively younger patients.

Aplicações práticas da ressonância magnética nas patologias mamárias / Practical applications of magnetic resonance in breast pathologies

As patologias da mama podem apresentar resultados falso-negativos ou inconclusivos nos exames convencionais , fato que pode influenciar no prognóstico das pacientes. Neste contexto emerge um novo método para avaliar as mamas, a ressonância magnética. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é abordar os principais usos da ressonância magnética mamária.

The breast pathologies may show false negative or inconclusive conventional examinations, which may influence the prognosis of patients. In this context emerges a new method to evaluate the breast, magnetic resonance. The aim of this review article is to address the main uses of the breast magnetic resonance.

Ultrasonic evaluation of milk duct dilatation in mastalgia in Erbil, Iraq

This cross-sectional study involved 170 women with the mean age of 31 years presenting with breast pain who were referred to the Radiology Department of the Maternity and Rizgari Teaching Hospitals from October 2008 to September 2009. The breasts of each woman were examined by ultrasound scan with special attention was focused on the milk ducts. The presence and the width of the ducts were documented. Each woman was asked for pain intensity and breast pain intensity evaluated as mild, moderate and severe. The mean +/- SD diameter of duct was 3.99 +/- 1.37 mm. The mean diameter of the duct was higher among the younger age group of <25 years than older age groups [4.28 vs 3.95 and 3.87], among married than singles [3.99 vs 3.90] and among those having cyclic pain compared to those having non-cyclic pain [4.0 vs 3.95]. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The mean diameter of the duct was significantly higher among those having bilateral pain than those having unilateral pain [4.47 for bilateral vs 4.02 for left side and 3.61 for right side] and among those having severe pain compared to those having moderate or mild pain [4.91 vs 3.40 and 3.28]. The study results show that duct ectasia is a major factor in determining the severity of mastalgia with no significance difference between cyclical and non-cyclical mastalgia

Telorragia en el lactante / Nipple discharge in an infant

A pesar de constituir la ectasia ductal la causa que con mayor frecuencia ocasiona sangrado a través del pezón en neonatos y lactantes, por la rareza de esta entidad, no deja de sorprender y agobiar a quienes la constatan. Se presenta un lactante masculino, de 8 semanas de nacido, cuyos padres acuden a la Consulta de Endocrinología por sangrado por ambos pezones. Ambas mamas, areolas y pezones mostraban características normales, solamente se halló sangrado con la presión, y el resto del examen físico no mostró alteraciones. La ecografía mamaria fue normal y el estudio citológico confirmó el diagnóstico de ectasia ductal primaria. En el paciente el sangrado cedió espontáneamente con resolución completa en varias semanas. Actualmente, con 3años y 8 meses de edad, no ha presentado nuevas manifestaciones. Por la rareza de su presentación en recién nacidos y lactantes, son muy escasos los informes de esta entidad en la literatura médica, y hasta el momento no hemos encontrado otras descripciones de esta infrecuente enfermedad en artículos nacionales cubanos, lo que motivó la presentación de este caso clínico(AU)

Despite the fact that duct ectasia is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in neonates and infants, this rare entity still surprises and causes stress on those who observe it. A male 8 weeks-old patient was presented. His parents took him to the endocrinology service because his two nipples were bleeding. His breasts, areolae, and nipples showed normal characteristics, just bleeding when squeezed; the physical exam did not show any alteration. The breast echography was normal and the cytological study confirmed the diagnosis of primary duct ectasia. The bleeding ceased spontaneously and he completely recovered after several weeks. At present, the patient is 3 years and 8 months-old and does not show any new manifestation. Due to the rareness of this illness in neonates and infants, data are very incomplete in medical literature. Other descriptions of this uncommon disease have not been found in the Cuban national literature, so this encouraged us to present this clinical case(AU)

Findings of breast sonography in patients with focal asymmetric breast density on mammography

The imaging parameters that mandate further diagnostic workup in focal asymmetric breast densities are not clearly defined. To identify indications for further workup in Focal asymmetric breast densities [FABD] by doing ultrasonography. One-hundred women underwent breast ultrasonogrphy after incidental discovery of FABD on mammograms. Mammograms and sonograms were evaluated for lesion location, associated calcifications, architectural distortion and change from previous examination when available. Twenty three patients had abnormal sonographic findings and the site of sonographic abnormal findings was the same as the site of FABD on mammography. Sonographic findings were 7 focal increases in fibrous tissue, 5 ductal ectasias, 4 simple cysts, complex cyst in one, 4 benign solid masses, one malignant solid mass and one with fibrous tissue at the site of previous breast surgery. There was a significant relation between FABD in upper inner quadrant and normal sonography [p=0.036] and FABD in retroareolar region and ductal ectasia in sonography [p=0.002]. FABD usually present a benign etiology and can safely be managed by follow up. Sonography helps the physician do tissue diagnosis by detection mass with features of possibly malignancy, in the women with negative physical examination

Incidentally Detected Enhancing Breast Lesions on Chest Computed Tomography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nature and imaging appearance of incidental enhancing breast lesions detected on a routine contrast-enhanced chest CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with incidental enhancing breast lesions on contrast-enhanced chest CT were retrospectively reviewed. The breast lesions were reviewed by unenhanced and enhanced CT, and evaluated by observing the shapes, margins, enhancement patterns and backgrounds of breast lesions. A histopathologic diagnosis or long-term follow-up served as reference standard. RESULTS: Sixteen (70%) patients had malignant breast lesions and seven (30%) had benign lesions. In 10 patients, the breast lesions were exclusively detected on contrast-enhanced CT. Using unenhanced CT, breast lesions with fibroglandular backgrounds were prone to be obscured (p < 0.001). Incidental primary breast cancer showed an non-significant trend of a higher percentage irregular margin (p = 0.056). All of the four incidental breast lesions with non-mass-like enhancement were proven to be malignant. CONCLUSION: Routine contrast-enhanced chest CT can reveal sufficient details to allow for the detection of unsuspected breast lesions, in which some cases may be proven as malignant. An irregular margin of incidental enhancing breast lesion can be considered a suggestive sign of malignancy.

Quistes retro-aeeolares en adolescentes: aspectos clínicos y ultrasonograficos / Retro-areolar cysts in adolescents: clinical and ultrasonographic aspects

Retroareolar cysts are common in pre and postmenarchic girls. Boys are rarely diagnosed with this condition. They correspond to cystic dilatations of the accessory mammary glands that open along with a sebaceous gland at the areola and can be single or multiple, uni or bilateral, palpable or incidental findings on ultrasound. They have variable morphology, thin walls, anechogenic content, sometimes calcic sediment can be observed in their lumen. Infected cysts present enlarged, hypervascularized walls; their content is echogenic, avascular and the adjacent tissue is hyperechogenic, with increased vascularization at color Doppler. If not treated, may become retroareolar abscesses. Inflamatory complications are treated with anti-inflamatory drugs and/or antibiotics. No diagnostic biopsy or puncture aspiration is required, since they are spontaneously drained at the areola. In order to appropriately advise patients and families, it is necessary to have knowledge of both the medical and the ultrasonographic aspects of them and their complications.

Los quistes retroareolares son frecuentes en niñas pre y postmenárquicas. Raramente se diagnostican en el varón. Corresponden a dilataciones quísticas de glándulas mamarias accesorias que se abren junto con una glándula sebácea en la areola, pueden ser únicos o múltiples, uni o bilaterales, palpables o hallazgos incidentales en ecografía. Los no complicados tienen morfología variable, paredes delgadas y contenido anecogénico, pudiendo observarse sedimento calcico en su lumen. Los complicados presentan paredes engrosadas, hipervascularizadas, con contenido ecogénico, avascular, tejidos adyacentes hiperecogénicos y aumento de la vascularización al Doppler color. Sin tratamiento, pueden transformarse en abscesos retroareolares. La complicación inflamatoria se trata con antiinflamatorios y/o antibióticos. No requieren biopsia diagnóstica ni punción evacuadora, puesto que se drenan espontáneamente a la areola. El conocimiento del cuadro clínico y su aspecto ul-trasonográfico permitirá orientar adecuadamente a los pacientes y sus familias.

Role of grey scalie ultrasound in benign and malignant breast lesions

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosis of benign and malignant disease in correlation with histopathological findings. A comparative study. Diagnostic Radiology Department of PNS Shifa, Karachi, from January 2000 to July 2002. Adult female patients presenting with breast lump were included. Grey-scale ultrasound was done with high frequency probe. Findings were compared with histopathology. The sensitivity and specificity was determined. Eightyfive female patients with positive clinical findings were differentiated into benign [n=45, 52.9%], intermediate [n=15, 17.6%] and malignant [n=25, 29.4%], by ultrasound examination. Only one [2.2%] benign lesion was found malignant on histopathology, 8 [32%] cases of malignant group were benign on histopathology. The sensitivity of ultrasound for malignant lesion was 95.24% and specificity was 68.75% for a benign lesion. Our results were compatible with international studies. Ultrasound of breast is very useful in evaluating breast lumps. This modality is, however, not a good screening tool. When combined with clinical evaluation and mammographic studies, a subset of patients can be identified which do not require biopsy. This will not only save the cost but will also alley the anxiety of patients

Hydatid cyst of breast a case report

A 32 years old lady lactating for 9 months presented with lump in breast for 6 months.Mammography was the only investigation which patient had with her and was not willing for further investigations. Clinical and mammographic assessment was suggestive of cystic lesion of breast probably galactococle. Lumpectomy was done and biopsy report suggested hydatid cyst

Determination of the levels of anti-thyroid- stimulating hormone receptor antibody with thyroid peroxidase antibody in Omani patients with Graves' disease

A 32 years old lady lactating for 9 months presented with lump in breast for 6 months. Mammography was the only investigation which patient had with her and was not willing for further investigations. Clinical and mammographic assessment was suggestive of cystic lesion of breast probably galactococle. Lumpectomy was done and biopsy report suggested hydatid cyst

Screen-Film Mammography and Soft-Copy Full-Field Digital Mammography: Comparison in the Patients with Microcalcifications

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to compare the ability of screen-film mammography (SFM) and soft-copy full-field digital mammography (s-FFDM) on two different monitors to detect and characterize microcalcifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The images of 40 patients with microcalcifications (three patients had malignant lesion and 37 patients had benign lesion), who underwent both SFM and FFDM at an interval of less than six months, were independently evaluated by three readers. Three reading sessions were undertaken for SFM and for FFDM on a mammography-dedicated review workstation (RWS, 2K x 2.5K), and for FFDM on a high-resolution PACS monitor (1.7K x 2.3K). The image quality, breast composition and the number and conspicuity of the microcalcifications were evaluated using a three-point rating method, and the mammographic assessment was classified into 4 categories (normal, benign, low concern and moderate to great concern). RESULTS: The image quality, the number and conspicuity of the microcalcifications by s-FFDM (on the RWS, PACS and both) were superior to those by SFM in 85.0%, 80.0% and 52.5% of the cases, respectively (p 0.01). The mammographic assessment category for the microcalcifications in the three reading sessions was similar. CONCLUSION: s-FFDM gives a superior image quality to SFM and it is better at evaluating microcalcifications. In addition, s-FFDM with the PACS monitor is comparable to s-FFDM with the RWS for evaluating microcalcifications.

Comparison of Unmonochromatized Synchrotron Radiation and Conventional X-rays in the Imaging of Mammographic Phantom and Human Breast Specimens: A Preliminary Result

A simple imaging setup based on the principle of coherence-based contrast X-ray imaging with unmonochromatized synchrotron radiation was used for studying mammographic phantom and human breast specimens. The use of unmonochromatized synchrotron radiation simplifies the instrumentation, decreases the cost and makes the procedure simpler and potentially more suitable for clinical applications. The imaging systems consisted of changeable silicon wafer attenuators, a tungsten slit system, a CdWO4 scintillator screen, a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera coupled to optical magnification lenses, and a personal computer. In preliminary studies, a spatial resolution test pattern and glass capillary filled with air bubbles were imaged to evaluate the resOolution characteristics and coherence-based contrast enhancement. Both the spatial resolution and image quality of the proposed system were compared with those of a conventional mammography system in order to establish the characteristic advantages of this approach. The images obtained with the proposed system showed a resolution of at least 25micrometer on the test pattern with much better contrast, while the images of the capillary filled with air bubbles revealed coherence-based edge enhancement. This result shows that the coherence-based contrast imaging system, which emphasizes the refraction effect from the edge of materials of different refractive indexes, is applicable to imaging studies in fundamental medicine and biology, although further research works will be required before it can be used for clinical applications.

Abnormal findings in breast imaging: a hospital-based survey in 4264 Thai women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distributions of common and significant imaging findings from breast imagings at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data was collected from every mammography performed from November 1, 2001 to October 31, 2002. The reports were analyzed and imaging findings were recorded. The ACR BI-RADS category was applied to all cases. RESULTS: There were 4264 patients and all of them were female. The age range was between 19-90 years and average age was 50.1 years. The most common positive findings were cysts (39.22%), followed by focal lesions (14.76%), mass (8.69%), architectural distortion (7.83%), calcification (7.36%) and thick ducts (3.76%). According to ACR BI-RADS, most of the studies were in category 2 (42.59%), followed by category 1 (38.67%), category 3 (12.08%) category 5 (3.45%), category 4 (3.12%) and category 0 (0.09%). CONCLUSION: Breast imaging is the standard screening tool for breast cancer and can reveal different kinds of findings. Knowing the distribution of these findings helps both the radiologists to understand the scope of their work and the institution to audit their practice.

Mondor's disease of breast

A case of Mondor's disease of breast in a 32 years old lady is described. She presented with painful vertical subcutaneous cords under her left breast. On scintimammography a suspicious nodule in her breast was detected, which revealed to be benign epithelial lesion on FNAC. With reassurance and placebo, the disease resolved spontaneously within two months